Clarkson Lumber Company Experienced Significant Sales Growth

From 1993 through 1995, Clarkson Lumber Company experienced significant sales growth – 19.0% from 1993 to 1994 and 30.0% between 1994 and 1995. Profitability also increased, but not nearly at the same pace as sales revenue. Net income rose from $60,000 in 1993 to $68,000 in 1994 (a 13.3% increase), to $77,000 in 1995 (13.2% increase). This increase in sales and profitability demanded growth in working capital and fixed assets to finance the growth, creating a need for cash that outpaced free cash flow into the firm. Furthermore, Mr. Clarkson’s buyout payments to Mr. Holtz in 1995 and 1996 only added to the liquidity predicament. Thus, Clarkson was compelled to draw upon his line of credit with Suburban National Bank and begin relying heavily on trade credit, quickly maxing out his bank credit line by the end of 1995. The financial strength of Clarkson Lumber has deteriorated between 1993 and 1995. Clarkson had a free cash flow to the firm of +$2,000 in 1994, but that dropped to -$159,000 for 1995. EBITDA increased over the period, but not matching the pace of net debt increases; Clarkson’s leverage (Net Debt / EBITDA) was 1.21 in 1993, increasing to 2.31 and 2.95 in 1994 and 1995, respectively. First quarter 1996 statements annualized over the entire year projected leverage to increase to 4.94 by the end of 1996, assuming no credit line cap and no other changes. The trade discount of 2% provides a very attractive opportunity for Clarkson Lumber to dramatically increaseShow MoreRelatedClarkson Lumber Case Analysis Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of the Problem At first glance, Clarkson Lumber appears to be a healthy company. However, despite rapid growth and increasing sales Clarkson Lumber finds itself searching for additional funding to compensate for a shortage in cash to fund its expanding business. Clarkson Lumber is in this situation for a number of reasons. The companys inability to receive payments from customers in a timely manner created a severe impact in the companys cash flows. The age of account receivablesRead MoreClarkson Lumber2050 Words   |  9 Pages29, 1996 Clarkson Lumber Company After a rapid growth in its business during recent years, the Clarkson Lumber Company, in the spring of 1996, anticipated a further substantial increase in sales. Despite good profits, the company had experienced a shortage of cash and had found it necessary to increase its borrowing from the Suburban National Bank to $399,000 in the spring of 1996. The maximum loan that Suburban National would make to any one borrower was $400,000 and Clarkson had been ableRead MoreMarketing Principle Quiz20161 Words   |  81 Pageswell it made the soap and not on what customers wanted from a bar of soap. It had a _____ orientation. | | | | | Selected Answer: |   a.   production | Correct Answer: |   a.   production | Feedback: | The production orientation forces a company to build whatever it builds best, that is, whatever it has the experience and expertise in doing. | | | | |   Ã‚  Question 2 | 1 out of 1 points    | | Redefining the business mission of a mattress manufacturer as â€Å"a good night’s sleep,†Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesMANAGERIAL PROCESS Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or

Biomedical Engineering Bone Repair Tissue Engineering

Question: Discuss about the Biomedical Engineering for Bone Repair Tissue Engineering. Answer: Introduction A vibrant tissue with competency to cure, maintain and restructure itself is popularly known, as Bone of our body is really an ultimate smart tissue. The elaboration, conservation and restoration of this tissue depend on three categories of cell that are osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. As per global context, there are roughly more than 100 million cases of bone defects each year leading to the requirement of bone repair procedures. The autologous and allogeneic bone grafts are traditional methods of bone repair but they persist certain limitations and poor outcomes. However, the advances of tissue engineering process in last few decades have increased the possibility of in vitro bone repair and regeneration (Enderle and Bronzino, 2012). In a simple understanding, tissue engineering is a combination of life sciences plus biological engineering approaches to develop biological substitutes. In comparison to traditional biomaterials approach the tissue engineering provide an advantage of innovative purposeful tissue construction instead only providing the implant of new replacement part making this technique an innovation in medical sciences (Reis and Cohn, 2012). Figure 1: General process of Bone tissue engineering (Source: Enderle and Bronzino, 2012,p.34) The dynamic qualities of bone and advance processes of bone tissue engineering show a great compatibility to overcome the persisting bone disorders. Currently, after blood, bone is the second tissue-engineering transplant forming a hope for medical science. But, still this technique also involves certain challenges (Enderle and Bronzino, 2012). In this essay, a detailed study on management and progress of tissue engineering in bone repair followed by the challenges and future aspects of this technique are done. Tissue engineering management and progress for repairing bone defects According to Amini et al. (2012), the specific goal of bone tissue contriving is to raise in vitro bone culture possibilities by applying innovative engineering approaches. In few recent decades, a wealthy progress is achieved in bone tissue engineering related to cell sources, biodegradable scaffolds, biocompatibility achievements, advanced bioreactors and identification of specific growth factors to produce bone in artificial conditions as well as natural conditions. The bone tissue engineering process simply involves three major aspects that involve processes to select stem cells, scaffolds formation and biological conditions development to achieve ideal, robust, reproductive and functional bone repair. Correia et al. (2012) studied that bone tissue engineering firstly involves the formation of scaffold that is a medium providing specific architecture and environment for tissue regeneration. There are various materials like ceramic, metals and polymers that are widely used for sca ffold formation until the emergence of biodegradable polymers. Bose et al. (2012) opine that there are natural occurring as well as artificially constructed biodegradable polymers that are ideal for scaffolds formation in tissue construction persisting properties like osteoinductivity, biodegradability, biological compatibility and porosity. The use of these biodegradable polymers in TE scaffolds formation is the most important achievement in bone tissue engineering process. The biodegradable scaffolds are formed from different materials that perform functionality with specific culture cells. Some of the most commonly used biodegradable scaffold materials are collagen, chitosan, starch, polyhydroxybutyrate, fibrin etc. A more determined biodegradable scaffolds are considered as the future trend in tissue engineering progress. Liu et al. (2013) studied that in initial times of tissue engineering the production of scaffolds remained a complex issue the traditional grafting technique provided less compatibility with biological materials. However, in recent times, the use of phase inversion, fibre bonding, high-pressure methods and freeze-drying are miracles in the tissue-engineering arena. Correia et al. (2012) opine the method of PLGA-poly (lactide-co-glycolide) scaffold formation using the phase inversion techniques. The scaffold produced through this technique is wide used in tissue engineering process. Figure 2: PLGA scaffold formation by using phase inversion technology (Source: Correia et al. 2012, p.2484) Further, the use of fibre bonding, injection moulding, melt-based technologies etc. is a progressive technique for scaffold formation. Amini et al. (2012) indicated that the limitations of using osteoblasts as an inducer of tissue engineering are overruled by the incoming of stem cells technology in artificial bone construction field. The use of stem cells is considered as most valid and promising solution for tissue making processes. Construction of bone from mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) is one of the recent developments in tissue engineering field. The MSC being adult stem cells are widely present in bone marrow further named as BN-MSCs cells. These cells are widely used in tissue engineering to produce bone graft through applying technique of making artificial tissues in scaffolds that further undergo oestrogenic culture. Correia et al. (2012) further studied the practice of Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) in tissue making processes is another advantage because these stem cells have capabilities to critical size defects repair in both femoral and calvarial bone segment defects (Zhang et al. 2012). Bose and Tarafder (2012) studied the advances in bone tissue engineering by getting exceptional growth factors that work to produce in vitro bone cultures. The absence of effective growth factors limited the process of bone regenerations like cell adhesion, migration and differentiation. But, now the use of insulin growth factor III and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs),and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-) provides effective bone regeneration process. Further, Shin et al. (2012) indicated that the custom of bioreactors for making tissues artificially works as a new advancement to mimic the in vivo environment dynamics. These bioreactors are constructed to develop conditions and architectures that support tissue regeneration. Some of the most successful bioreactors till date are spinner flask bioreactor, static flask bioreactor, and rotating wall container bioreactors in bone tissue engineering. Figure 3: Static flasks, spinner flask and rotating wall vessel bioreactor used for in suit bone tissue construction (Source: Shin et al. 2012, p.260) The need of an experimental model to test the performance of technique is an essential component as well as limitation in biological research. Getting appropriate experimental models is a tough process in experimental science, Szpalski et al. (2012) stated that use of animal models is a new advancement to test the reliability of bone tissue engineering protocol. The experimental model should be feasible and should have high similarity index. Some of the most widely used animal models are subcutaneous model from rats and rabbit calvarial models that are widely used these days for testing the bone tissue engineering protocol. Tripathi and Basu (2012) studied that collaboration of gene therapy with bone tissue engineering helps to overcome the genetic defect along with bone disorder. The basic process involves delivery of specific proteins through viral vectors in the bone regeneration stages. Barriers in bone repair tissue engineering The bone tissue engineering process is the future of transplantation technology and is emerging as a new medical treatment approach but still it persist certain limitations that are holding back the progressiveness of this technology. Szpalski et al. (2012) studied that surgeon on everyday basis faces common challenges like reabsorption, infections, immunogenic reactions and insufficient vascularization while performing bone grafting in tissue engineering process. Liu et al. (2013) studied that bone tissue engineering is a highly expensive process that is not affordable on the regular basis due to an expensive high-quality bone, lack of donor, repeated failure of bone graft and use of expensive instruments. Making this technique cost-effective is becoming a challenge for scientists. Marolt et al. (2012) indicated in their study that failure of bone graft is a major challenge that is essential to get controlled in tissue regeneration process. The reason behind the failure of bone graf t still remains a mystery. Sometimes it is considered as a failure of appropriate biomaterial selection, wrong scaffold or improper in vitro conditions or growth factors delivery making the establishment of bone graft a challenge in technology. Szpalski et al. (2012) identified the confronts in artificial bone construction protocol that involves premature aging and differentiation of osteogenic cells, lack of control over cell viability and proliferation in 3D scaffolds, lack of knowledge on control parameters for cultivated human bone marrow behaviour under in vivo environment. Further, Liu et al. (2013) stated that in vivo transplantation of regenerated bone tissue is another barrier in establishing successful bone tissue engineering process. There are unknown biological processes that refuse the in vitro bone graft in animal model experiments. Future aspects in bone repair tissue engineering The bone tissue engineering technology is considered to be a complex and complicated structural arrangement process. There are different cell types, biomaterials, MSCs, growth factors and other factors that work together in this process. However, in last few decades, tissue engineering attained a considerable progress in utilizing bioactive factors, scaffolds development, getting potent cell source, suitable biomaterials and bioreactors. But now the future relies on overcoming the challenges of technique. Liu et al. (2013) studied that currently the shift of scientific minds is to develop improved vascular creation in this field if artificially created bones because it is the priority essential factor for graft existence. Nguyen et al. (2012) neo-bone tissue always survive in regions having the vascular network, therefore, it is important to induce vascularization under in vitro conditions of bone formation. Liu et al. (2013) stated that induction of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis is another future emerging theme because these processes work at in vivo conditions to develop new blood vessels. The development of artificial angiogenesis and vasculogenesis will help to control the in vivo graft rejection. Therefore, it is another important future aspect of bone tissue engineering process. According to Szpalski et al. (2012), there are on-going researches to establish scaffold that promotes vascular formation. Marolt et al. (2012) studied the research is done to utilize stem cells for neo-vascularisation where endothelial progenitor/stem cells are been utilized for generating vascularized bone graft by co-culture systems and combined linkages with osteogenic cells in different scaffolds to produce neo-vascularisation as a future trend in bone tissue construction process. Conclusion In present era, there is essential requirement of effective clinical treatments for severe bone defects at global scenario but there are limitations in established technologies like autograft and allograft. In last two decades that has been a remarkable positive progress in bone tissue engineering process annually making it a hope for getting better clinical treatment for bone repair. In the recent times there are remarkable achievements in bone tissue engineering procedures and technologies but still this field of medical science is in its developing state. More concentration is required to overcome the deficits in technologies like better scaffolds, more effective bioreactors, better stabilizing enzymes and laboratory condition to get 100% in suit transplantation or bone grafting done successfully. Tissue engineering holds a promising approach to provide better medical treatment for disease like cancer, diabetes etc. which are still in incurable state. The so far success for this technique is encouraging, whereas the challenges and future aspects are giving this technology a new height in clinical application. It is expected that in near future tissue engineering will acquire a successful in vivo bone graft transplantation and bone fracture repair treatment. References Books Enderle, J.D. and Bronzino, J.D., 2012.Introduction to biomedical engineering. Academic press. Reis, R.L. and Cohn, D., 2012.Polymer based systems on tissue engineering, replacement and regeneration(Vol. 86). Springer Science Business Media. Journals Amini, A.R., Laurencin, C.T. and Nukavarapu, S.P., 2012. Bone tissue engineering: recent advances and challenges.Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering,40(5). Bose, S., Roy, M. and Bandyopadhyay, A., 2012. Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds.Trends in biotechnology,30(10), pp.546-554. Bose, S. and Tarafder, S., 2012. Calcium phosphate ceramic systems in growth factor and drug delivery for bone tissue engineering: a review.Acta biomaterialia,8(4), pp.1401-1421. Correia C, Bhumiratana S, Yan LP, Oliveira AL, Gimble JM, Rockwood D, Kaplan DL, Sousa RA, Reis RL, Vunjak-Novakovic G. 2012. Development of silk-based scaffolds for tissue engineering of bone from human adipose-derived stem cells. Acta biomaterialia, 8(7), pp.2483-92. Liu, Y., Lim, J. and Teoh, S.H., 2013. Review: development of clinically relevant scaffolds for vascularised bone tissue engineering.Biotechnology advances,31(5), pp.688-705. Marolt, D., Campos, I.M., Bhumiratana, S., Koren, A., Petridis, P., Zhang, G., Spitalnik, P.F., Grayson, W.L. and Vunjak-Novakovic, G., 2012. Engineering bone tissue from human embryonic stem cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(22), pp.8705-8709. Nguyen, L.H., Annabi, N., Nikkhah, M., Bae, H., Binan, L., Park, S., Kang, Y., Yang, Y. and Khademhosseini, A., 2012. Vascularized bone tissue engineering: approaches for potential improvement.Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews,18(5), pp.363-382. Shin, S.H., Purevdorj, O., Castano, O., Planell, J.A. and Kim, H.W., 2012. A short review: recent advances in electrospinning for bone tissue regeneration.Journal of tissue engineering,3(1), pp. 260-65. Szpalski, C., Wetterau, M., Barr, J. and Warren, S.M., 2012. Bone tissue engineering: current strategies and techniquespart I: scaffolds.Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews,18(4), pp.246-257. Szpalski, C., Barbaro, M., Sagebin, F. and Warren, S.M., 2012. Bone tissue engineering: current strategies and techniquespart II: cell types.Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews,18(4), pp.258-269. Tripathi, G. and Basu, B., 2012. A porous hydroxyapatite scaffold for bone tissue engineering: Physico-mechanical and biological evaluations.Ceramics International,38(1), pp.341-349. Zhang, Z.Y., Teoh, S.H., Hui, J.H., Fisk, N.M., Choolani, M. and Chan, J.K., 2012. The potential of human fetal mesenchymal stem cells for off-the-shelf bone tissue engineering application.Biomaterials,33(9), pp.2656-2672.

Death As A Theme In Modern Poetry Essays - Guggenheim Fellows

Death As A Theme In Modern Poetry Death has been and always will be an interesting and compelling topic among poets and authors alike. Death sheds a mysterious vale over life and is often avoided or dreaded within people causing diversity among the reactions of modern poetry and thought. Mortality can be treated as a crisis, a destination, with significance or without, as well as (sadly) by some as a goal. Death provides a wide spectrum of ideas that can be expanded upon with dignity or as a magnanimous ideal. The poets that I have read and pondered deliver an array of insight on the topic; from its grotesqueness to its humbleness. They approach or meditate upon death with disgust as well as with nonchalance. Overall I think that although the poets each dissect and interpret our inevitable encounter in variation they all would agree in its mystery and finality. To live, especially with comfort and respect, can often be, and is usually, a difficult as well as unavoidable task. Dying can be viewed in much the same way. Although you sometimes have a choice, often death is sudden and miserable and can end a life with little or no grace. I think Randall Jarrell would agree with me on this point. In his poem The Death of a Ball Turret Gunner Jarrell explicates upon a situation that although is sometimes forced at a person, is often (especially within his time-period) viewed with high regard in the population. What would be a better way to die than defending one's nation and doing your part in freeing millions of oppressed people? But this brave act by a man who is terrified ends in what I would see as humiliation. His parents or friends would not view his death as disgraceful or anything but the way in which his remains were desecrated would have surely been disgusting. When I died they washed me out of the turret with a hose. The idea of somebod y washing the flesh and guts of a recently deceased person portrays how pathetic the finality of one's live can be. This frightened man who fell into the State straight from his mother's sleep was possibly given a hero's burial but at the same time his carcass remains were hosed out of the turret. This is an almost obscene gesture. Isaac Rosenburg analyzes a death in war in much the same way. In his poem Dead Man's Dump he remarks, A man's brains splattered on A stretcher-bearers face; this hideous observation points out to us how un-heroic death on a battlefield actually is. Death as thought about by Jarrell and Rosenberg is not beautiful but messy and possibly even an event of degradation. Is death a fate that is left up to us? Or do we die as the direct result of action, or possibly inaction of others? This is a question that will probably always be argued and probably never be answered; the conclusion will at least not be ascertained by us mere mortals. In the poem Not Waving But Drowning this issue is touched upon either directly on indirectly by Stevie Smith and is possibly more of a backdrop than a theme. The man who dies in the poem (which is I would also call a story) does have control over his fate in this situation. Perhaps if he were a better swimmer or would not have eaten so much before he went out he would not have been in this predicament, but that is beside the point. I was much further out than you thought, she says (and to make my point I am taking all of this in the literal and not figurative form) with a sort of shame. This suggests that the speaker of this narrative had some control over this man's death but was either to careless or not observant e nough to save his life. This man's fate therefor was not completely in his own hands, although it was not necessarily in total control of the narrator either. This to me basically implies that although fate does rest in our hands to some extent, it also lies (at least aspects of it) in the hands of

Measuring Earthquake Intensities Using Seismic Scales

Measuring Earthquake Intensities Using Seismic Scales The first measuring tool invented for earthquakes was the seismic intensity scale. This is a rough numerical scale to describe how severe an earthquake is in the place where youre standing- how bad it is on a scale of 1 to 10. Its not hard to come up with a set of descriptions for intensity 1 (I could barely feel it) and 10 (Everything around me fell down!) and the gradations in between. A scale of this kind, when its carefully made and consistently applied, is useful even though its based entirely on descriptions, not measurements. Scales of earthquake magnitude (the total energy of a quake) came later, the result of many advances in seismometers and decades of data collection. While seismic magnitude is interesting, seismic intensity is more important: its about the strong motions that actually affect people and buildings. Intensity maps are prized for practical things like city planning, building codes, and emergency response. To Mercalli and Beyond Dozens of seismic intensity scales have been devised. The first to be widely used was made by Michele de Rossi and Francois Forel in 1883, and before seismographs were widespread the Rossi-Forel scale was the best scientific tool we had. It used roman numerals, from intensity I to X. In Japan, Fusakichi Omori developed a scale based on the types of structures there, such as stone lanterns and Buddhist temples. The seven-point Omori scale still underlies the Japanese Meteorological Agencys official seismic intensity scale. Other scales came into use in many other countries. In Italy, a 10-point intensity scale developed in 1902 by Giuseppe Mercalli was adapted by a succession of people. When H. O. Wood and Frank Neumann translated one version into English in 1931, they called it the Modified Mercalli scale. That has been the American standard ever since. The Modified Mercalli scale consists of descriptions that range from the innocuous (I. Not felt except by a very few) to the terrifying (XII. Damage total . . . Objects thrown upward into the air). It includes the behavior of people, the responses of houses and larger buildings, and natural phenomena. For instance, peoples responses range from barely feeling ground motion at intensity I to everyone running outdoors at intensity VII, the same intensity at which chimneys begin to break. At intensity VIII, sand and mud are ejected from the ground and heavy furniture overturns. Mapping Seismic Intensity Turning human reports into consistent maps happen online today, but it used to be quite laborious. During the aftermath of a quake, scientists collected intensity reports as fast as they could. Postmasters in the United States sent the government a report every time a quake struck. Private citizens and local geologists did the same. If youre into earthquake preparedness, consider learning more about what quake investigators do by downloading their official field manual. With these reports in hand, investigators of the U.S. Geological Survey then interviewed other expert witnesses, such as building engineers and inspectors, to help them map zones of equivalent intensity. Eventually, a contour map showing the intensity zones was finalized and published. An intensity map can show some useful things. It can delineate the fault that caused the quake. It can also show areas of unusually strong shaking far from the fault. These areas of bad ground are important when it comes to zoning, for instance, or disaster planning or deciding where to route freeways and other infrastructure. Advances In 1992, a European committee set out to refine the seismic intensity scale in the light of new knowledge. In particular, we have learned a great deal about how different kinds of buildings respond to shaking- in effect, we can treat them like amateur seismographs. In 1995 the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) was widely adopted across Europe. It has 12 points, the same as the Mercalli scale, but it is much more detailed and precise. It includes many pictures of damaged buildings, for instance. Another advance was being able to assign harder numbers to intensities. The EMS includes specific values of ground acceleration for each intensity rank. (So does the latest Japanese scale.) The new scale cannot be taught in a single lab exercise, the way the Mercalli scale is taught in the United States. But those who master it will be the best in the world at extracting good data from the rubble and confusion of an earthquakes aftermath. Why Old Research Methods Are Still Important The study of earthquakes gets more sophisticated every year, and thanks to these advances the oldest research methods work better than ever. The nice machines and clean data make for good fundamental science. But one great practical benefit is that we can calibrate all kinds of earthquake damages against the seismograph. Now we can extract good data from human records where- and when- there are no seismometers. Intensities can be estimated for earthquakes all the way through history, using old records like diaries and newspapers. Earth is a slow-moving place, and in many places the typical earthquake cycle takes centuries. We dont have centuries to wait, so deriving reliable information about the past is a valuable task. Ancient human records are much better than nothing, and sometimes what we learn about past seismic events is almost as good as having seismographs there.

American Revolution in 1770's period Research Paper

American Revolution in 1770's period - Research Paper Example This essay outlines the causes of the war and the chronology of event that resulted to the declaration of independence. In the period between1754 and 1763, the British engaged the Indian and the French in a war that started as early as 1600s. During the 1750s, the French and the British were in the war with each other in Europe, but the war even spread to North America. The British colony wanted to take over the territories and fur trade that French had in North America. The American Native joined the French to fight against the occupation of British in the French land. The Native feared that the British would to take their land and for them to protect themselves, they had to join the French in battling the British soldiers. In 1779, the British General Wolfe captured Quebec and brought the war to an end. In 1763, a peace treaty was signed, and British got almost all of the French land. Moreover, the British introduced taxation to cover the cost of the war (Colin, 1991). The American native began their quest for independence long before the revolution, but before the start of the revolution, the American population has increased to about two million. In the time before the war, the colonies have urbanized, and road were now connecting the diverse colonies. In addition, the media has grown, and newspapers kept all the colonies informed. At this time, the colonies were enlightened and were thinking of themselves as Americans. The colonists, both the rich and poor differed on the issue of independence. George Washington who owned huge chunk of land and other businessmen like John Hancock agitated for independence. They did not want the British to control over their businesses and their lives. However, some other wealthy colonists feared the agitation of independence would affect their wealth if the revolution began. The wealth of these colonists was connected to the British government and its trade. The poor colonists could not relent from

What Mary Surratt Did to Change U.S. History Term Paper

What Mary Surratt Did to Change U.S. History - Term Paper Example Actually, it was the first case of the official female execution in the United States. Her son, John Surratt was also thought to participate in the assassination. †Mary Surratt was born to Archibald (who died when Mary was two years old) and Elizabeth Anne Jenkins in the southern Maryland town of Waterloo† (DeWitt, 1984 p.34). Her family was rather big – she had two brothers. Mary went to the Ladies School in Virginia. Her life was quite difficult since she became wife when she was only 16 years old. She was forced to marry John Harrisson Surratt, a Roman Catholic farmer. The spouses had three children – one daughter and two sons. The Surratts turned out to be good businessmen – they had a tobacco farm, operated several shops and in this way increased their income greatly. Despite being a prosperous family, they still had tough financial problems because of the husband constant drinking. â€Å"One biographer suggested that John Surratt was physically and emotionally abusive to his wife† (Larson, 2008 p.75). ... Mary had no other way as to sell her house to its former owner for a very small amount of money and move to the District of Columbia. That house was the ownership of her late husband and she remade the second floor to have a boarding house there. That business kept her on her toes and provided her children with sustainable level of living. At the trial Mary’s son John admitted that he was involved in the plot of Lincoln kidnapping but did never take part in the plot of his assassination. He was following the president that day of the murder but he had nothing to do with his death. Moreover, he denied that his mother had any relation to this matter. That day she was reported to visit one of her tenants to withdraw the rent and then she came home and got in her daily home routine. ‘Though, later John Lloyd later testified against her, saying she gave him a package containing field glasses and told him to make ready the shooting irons† (Swanson, 2007 p.43 ). Moreover, after the assassination she sheltered John Wilkes Booth, who was considered to be the assassin – he was seen to stop at her boarding house just after the murder. After a two-week trial Mary Surratt was admitted to be guilty, though she claimed to be innocent. The judge was governed by the clues found at her home place and several testimonials from the respectable citizens. The execution was demanded to be through hanging and Mary Surratt was allowed to have a priest before the execution. The ceremony took place in the square with the tickets being sold in advance. Mary’s death wasn’t as easy as of the rest of convicts. She suffered for more than 5 minutes in the noose. Concluding everything stated above it must be mentioned that Marry Surratt played a great role in the USA history. It is

American Cultures Impact On The Media Cultural Studies Essay

American Cultures Impact On The Media Cultural Studies Essay None cultures are the same every nation has their own distinct and values. The American and American cultures have very vast differentiation between them. While the culture of America is a mixture of different cultures, the Bangladeshi culture is unique and has its own values and customs. One of the major differences that can be seen between American and Bangladeshi culture is in family relations. While the Bangladeshi are very much family and religious oriented, the Americans are individual oriented. In Bangladeshi culture, the family values are given more prominence than the individual values. Bangladeshi respect family and religious values. On the other hand, in American culture the individual value gets prominence than the family values. Indians are more committed to their family where as the Americans are more committed to themselves only (Difference Between, 2010). The United States is a dynamic country, covering the breadth of a continent. Many cultural currents exist and coexist within American life. The sections that follow do not attempt to cover every aspect of American culture, but instead zero in on some phenomena, like television, films and American music, that newcomers can study in order to learn more about American life. American values have developed over several centuries, affecting (and often being enriched by) successive waves of immigrants. The best way to look at it is to realize that while Americans are often open to new ways of thinking, they have a deep culture, and a deep sense of being American, one that is not always that easy to describe (Life in the USA,2010). Bangladesh has a rich, diverse culture. Its deeply rooted heritage is thoroughly reflected in its architecture, dance, literature, music, painting and clothing. The three primary religions of Bangladesh (Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam) have had a great influence on its culture and history. The people of Bangladesh have a rich fictional legacy, with the first available form of literature being over a thousand years old. Bengali literature developed considerably during the medieval period with the rise of popular poets such as Chandi Das, Daulat Kazi an Alaol (Bangladesh.com, 2010). Although, local music is still popular in Bangladeshi culture, the younger generation is influenced by the western songs. Youth of America is inspired by American artists, movies, and musical bands are becoming more popular in Bangladesh. Coca Cola and Michael Jackson are popular now in Bangladesh. Fast food, a product of American culture, is available but only in major cities and hotels. Most of the people prefer local foods and deserts. Literacy rate in Bangladesh is high compared with other developing countries. For males, it is 54% and literacy rates among Bangladeshi women are 41.4% (CIA the World Factbook, 2010). Main Body Impact of American Culture on Bangladeshi Culture, Media, and Language Culture: Culture can be described as the exclusive system of shared values, customs, beliefs, artifacts, and behaviors that the society members use to confront with their world and also with one another. Moreover, they are transmitted from one generation to another through learning. Culture also refers to the overall cumulative deposit of experience, beliefs, knowledge, values, meanings, attitudes, hierarchies, notions of time, religion, spatial relations, themes of the universe, and possessions acquired by a specific group of people during generations through group and individual striving (Bhabha, 2004). Significant differences are found between cultures of Bangladesh and America. Bangladeshi culture is a sophisticated blend of eastern culture and Islamic traditions. American culture, on the other hand, is a typical example of westernization with distinctive traditions, customs, attitudes and beliefs. It is pertinent to mention that culture is dynamic in nature. Cultures do change over time accepting new traditions while rejecting older ones (refà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Bangladeshi culture is increasingly becoming influenced by American culture even though the rate of transformation is considerably low compared with other neighboring countries like India and Pakistan. For example, the tradition of celebrating New Year is common feature of American culture. In Bangladesh, the upper-middle and upper class have embraced this ritual arranging functions to enjoy the events. The New Year celebrations are, however, different from those in American society. Drinks are non-alcoholic and food is prepared as per Islamic traditions. The Asian culture is evident in marriages and social gatherings. Night clubs and lounges are becoming popular in the major cities only especially in Dhaka- the capital city. These night clubs are, however, operated only in the main hotels and mostly open to the tourists. The concept of nightlife being a common feature of American culture is also experienced in the large hotels. The middle and lower class along with those living in rural areas are still hesitant and refuse to accept the westernization of culture. Media: Despite numerous symposia Media has become a significant part of daily life in Bangladesh. Fifty years ago, only radio and newspapers represented the media. Today, media plays a significant and dominant role at every level. Similar to American media, all forms including radio, the newspaper, internet, and television are playing their role. The process of change in the style of media is also not high. In America, number of channels is in hundreds if not thousands. Bangladesh Television is the main channel being government-controlled and government-owned medium (ref). Influenced by the aggression of American TV channels and the powerful role played by media to form public opinion, some satellite channels have been established in Bangladesh (Bangladesh.com2010). More than hundred and thousand different not only America they are spreading all over the world but if we think about Hollywood which utterly affecting every corner of the world. World are made about Hollywood move especi ally young star are crazy to see Hollywood movie. Globalisation demands market liberalization and the liberalization of media also. For that, though the government always heavily controlled the state owned radio and television channels but, in the early 90s, they gave permission to broadcast commercially the satellite channels. Before that, the government even started relaying the news of BBC and CNN through the state owned channel Bangladesh Television. As a result Bangladeshi audience were flooded by Immense of foreign channels. Languages: With over 1 billion speakers globally, modern English is the worlds dominant international language for business, science, medicine, communications, media, entertainment, culture, diplomacy, and countless other fields. For many, the ability to communicate smoothly and naturally in English is the first step to securing a better future for themselves and their families for generations to come (ESLA, 2010). Nowadays, English is considered the worlds most widespread second language; it is used in areas as diverse as the internet, television and radio, and international aviation. The success of English throughout the world stems from two major causes: the far reaching influence of the British Empire, and the 20th century (and continuing) dominance of the United States in the fields of business and entertainment. English is used as a second language mostly in upper and middle class of Bangladesh. The mother tongue and national language is Bangla but due to impact of American cul ture inspired from movies, music, and culture, many words of English language have entered the native language. English words like telephone, television, radio, video, and computer do not have a Bengali term and, as such, used commonly by the citizens of Bangladesh regardless of social class (Brady Bashar,2004). Of course, there are positive moments in the influence of American culture, because it is a step forward to receiving the help from the global community to develop the country, to make it more democratic, to open borders and develop society. All above mentioned processes are constructive, but there also exists the negative impact. Bangladesh may lose it cultural peculiarities, original traditions and genuine mentality. It may be a disadvantage for keeping the country really Bangladeshi; it may become American with some elements of Bangladeshi culture. As a matter of fact due to globalization American culture is influencing Bangladesh through the media, lifestyle, culture and languages and will be influencing more and more. Media shows the American style of life with its pros and cons and people may accept them. English language is absorbed by the national language, Bangla words are being replaced by the American ones. This may lead to American acquisition of the Bangladeshi society. Conclusion: American culture are historically encompasses with their traditions, customs, beliefs ideals, values, arts, history, languages and different innovation of modern technologies which adopted by domestically and globally via colonization. American formed around the world largest immigrants who extremely influence by multicultural society and world cultures are integrated through different nationalities. In the earliest 19th century, America experienced massive immigration different part of the world which is one of the important futures of American history and it has given to raise multiculturalism America. Reference/ Bibliography: Bhabha, H, 2004. The Location of Culture, Routledge Haggett, Peter (2002). The Indian Subcontinent. Encyclopedia of World Geography. New York: Marshall Cavendish. Wood, Geoffrey D. (1994). Bangladesh: Whose ideas, whose interests?. 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